Conceptual Construction of an Agape-Based Holistic Caring Model in Nursing Care

Rohani Sandroto; Terifena Jernih Lase

doi:10.55649/fsrz5e49

Authors

Rohani Sandroto STT Sriwijaya Palembang Author
Terifena Jernih Lase Alumni Poltekkes Kemenkes Medan Cabang Gunungsitoli Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55649/fsrz5e49

Keywords:

Agape love; Holistic caring; Nursing spirituality; Nursing care; Conceptual model

Abstract

Existing nursing models address agape and spiritual care, but the link between nurses’ faith orientation and holistic care processes requires further conceptual clarification. This study proposes the Agape-Based Holistic Caring Model (MCH-A) through a non-empirical conceptual synthesis of the literature cited in the article and a thematic interpretation of biblical passages. The analysis connects theological principles with four care domains, specifies construct relationships, and formulates six propositions. The proposed model positions agape as a moral-spiritual foundation, nurses’ spirituality as value internalization, and caring as a professional process directed toward physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs. Its contribution is an explicit arrangement linking these elements with patient preferences, professional boundaries, organizational conditions, and intended outcomes. This arrangement extends the discussion of existing models without claiming that agape or holistic care is new. The product comprises a conceptual structure, propositions, and practice illustrations. Incomplete search and appraisal documentation limits reproducibility; expert validation and empirical testing have not been conducted. The model therefore offers a framework for further investigation rather than evidence of clinical effectiveness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Albaqawi, H. M., Butcon, V. E., Albagawi, B. S., Dayrit, R. D., & Pangket, P. (2021). Holistic nursing care among operating room nurses: Strengthening the standard of practice in Saudi Arabia. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1279

Bakar, A., Nursalam, Adriani, M., Kusnanto, Qomariah, S. N., Hidayati, L., Pratiwi, I. N., & Ni’mah, L. (2017). Nurses’ spirituality improves caring behavior. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 6(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v6i1.6343

Bangcola, A. A. (2021). The development of Spiritual Nursing Care Theory using deductive axiomatic approach. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(3), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1456

Cahyono, A. S. (2016). Pengaruh media sosial terhadap perubahan sosial masyarakat di Indonesia. Publiciana, 9(1), 140–157.

Candrawati, S. A. K., Sriani, N. K. A., Subhaktiyasa, P. G., Andini, N. K. S., Putri, N. L. N. D. D., Citrawati, N. K., & Andriany, M. (2024). Spiritual leadership enhances caring behaviour: The mediating role of calling. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 14(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v14i2.58964

Daeli, Z. (2022). Konsep Doa Dalam Keheningan Menurut St. Ephrem Dari Suriah Dalam Hymns Preserved In Armenian, No. I: Menyatu Dengan Allah. Jurnal Misioner, 2(2), 218–236.

Daiman, S., & Atas, N. (2022). Menjadi Saksi Kerajaan Allah Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 Dan Arus Digitalisasi. SAPA: Jurnal Kateketik Dan Pastoral, 7(2), 156–165.

de Diego-Cordero, R., Suárez-Reina, P., Badanta, B., Lucchetti, G., & Vega-Escaño, J. (2022). The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research, 67, 151618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151618

Dhiu, M. S. Y., & X, I. P. (2024). Manfaat Media Digital Bagi Katekis Sebagai Sarana Berkatekese Kepada Kaum Muda. Sinar Kasih: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Dan Filsafat, 2(1), 162–174.

Dhollande, S., Taylor, A., Meyer, S., & Scott, M. (2021). Conducting Integrative Reviews: A Guide for Novice Nursing Researchers. Journal of Research in Nursing, 26(5), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987121997907

Dos Santos, F. C., Macieira, T. G. R., Yao, Y., Hunter, S., Madandola, O. O., Cho, H., Bjarnadottir, R. I., Dunn Lopez, K., Wilkie, D. J., & Keenan, G. M. (2022). Spiritual interventions delivered by nurses to address patients’ needs in hospitals or long-term care facilities: A systematic review. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 25(4), 662–677. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2021.0578

Ghanbari-Afra, L., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Dianati, M. (2022). Human caring: A concept analysis. Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(4), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2022.21

Ginting, K. S. U. B., Gultom, N., Sihotang, H., & Butar-butar, G. M. (2024). Menjaga Hubungan yang Erat Kepada Allah Sebagai Penyambung Lidah Allah (AMOS 3: 3-5). Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Humaniora, 3(2), 1377–1383.

Harrad, R., Cosentino, C., Keasley, R., & Sulla, F. (2019). Spiritual care in nursing: An overview of the measures used to assess spiritual care provision and related factors amongst nurses. Acta Biomedica, 90(4-S), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i4-S.8300

Hu, Y., Jiao, M., & Li, F. (2019). Effectiveness of spiritual care training to enhance spiritual health and spiritual care competency among oncology nurses. BMC Palliative Care, 18, 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-019-0489-3

Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: four approaches. AMS Review, 10(1–2), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0

Jimmy, A., Rahawarin, B. A., & Nugroho, S. (2023). Peran katekese digital sebagai media pembinaan iman kaum muda Kristiani. Lumen: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Katekese Dan Pastoral, 2(1), 114–125.

Kasingku, J., & Sanger, A. H. F. (2023). Dunia digital vs dunia rohani: dilema dalam pertumbuhan anak. Journal of Education Research, 4(3), 1325–1330.

Kusuma, S. D., Saputra, S., Sugianto, E., & Parinussa, S. (2022). Using the Internet of Things to Improve Christian Ministry in the Present Era. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220702.050

Lase, O. P., Gaol, A. L., & Latip, L. (2026). Tabernakel sebagai Ruang Teologi Kehadiran Allah: Analisis Intertekstual antara Keluaran 25–40 dan Yohanes 1: 14. Divinitas Jurnal Filsafat Dan Teologi Kontekstual, 4(1), 90–108.

Lase, O. P., & Parinussa, S. (2025). Restoring Self-Image in the Light of Imago Dei for Addictive Substance Abusers in the Contemporary Era. Proskuneo: Journal of Theology, 2(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53674/pjt.v2i1.256

Naibaho, M., Ola, D. D., & Sipahutar, A. P. (2024). Pembinaan Spiritualitas, Iman dan Karakter dalam Keluarga di Era Digital. Yayasan Drestanta Pelita Indonesia.

Newbanks, S., Rieg, L. S., & Eckerd, N. (2019). Caring and the Agape nursing model: A collaborative journey. Christian Nurse International, 11, 24–29.

Ones, O. P. L. (2025). Kontribusi dan Keterbatasan Teori Behavioristik dalam Proses Pembelajaran. PAIDEIA: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 1(2), 1–12.

Ones, O. P. L. (2026). Strategi Pendidikan Agama Kristen Dalam Menyiapkan Pemimpin Kristen Yang Tangguh di Era Sekularisasi. PAIDEIA: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 2(1), 1–14.

Parinussa, S., Parmadi, U., & Lase, O. P. (2026). Tabernakel sebagai Pola Pemuridan: Simbol, Spiritualitas, dan Transformasi (Katalog pe). Steviera Literatur.

Rabens, V. (2017). The Bible and ethics: Pathways for dialogue. In Die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi, 51(3), a2246. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v51i3.2246

Rafiq, A. (2020). Dampak media sosial terhadap perubahan sosial suatu masyarakat. Global Komunika: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 3(1), 18–29.

Resi, H., & Intansakti, P. X. (2022). Dampak penggunaan handphone terhadap kegiatan rohani orang muda Katolik di Cor Jessu dan solusi bagi pembina. Sapa: Jurnal Kateketik Dan Pastoral, 7(1), 70–77.

Ruy, M., & Hendy. (2024). Kehidupan Doa untuk Mencapai Kemurnian Batin Berdasarkan Pemikiran Bapa-Bapa Suriah. Jurnal Voice, 4(1).

Saleleubaja, J., Santoso, S., & others. (2024). Meningkatkan kestabilan kesehatan mental dan spiritual untuk menghadapi tantangan hidup modern dalam perspektif Kristen. Excelsis Deo: Jurnal Teologi, Misiologi, Dan Pendidikan, 8(1).

Santoso, J., Damarwanti, S., Priana, I. M., Sembodo, T. B., & PA, A. T. (2021). Transformasi fondasi iman Kristen dalam pelayanan pastoral di era Society 5.0. Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup, 4(1), 19–35.

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.

Soesana, A., Sugianto, E., Sutandharu, A. N., Panjaitan, Y. K., Gani, M., Lase, O. P., Kairupan, A. Y. Y., Sihombing, R. L., Manurung, P., & Zebua, K. (2025). Metodologi Penelitian Teologi. Yayasan Kita Menulis.

Suarga, B. B. (2021). Pengaruh Kultur Digital Dalam Hidup Beriman Kristiani: Membangun Langkah Pastoral Yang Relevan. HARVESTER: Jurnal Teologi Dan Kepemimpinan Kristen, 6(2), 160–196.

Sugianto, E., Panjaitan, Y. K., Kusuma, S. D., & Saputra, S. (2023). Metaverse: An Opportunity and Challenge for Christian Ministry in the Digital Era (Vol. 2022, Issue Iconthce 2022). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-160-9_20

Sumiwi, A. R. E. (2018). Pembaharuan Pikiran Pengikut Kristus Menurut Roma 12: 2. Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup, 1(1), 46–56.

Torres Contreras, C. C., Vargas Escobar, L. M., Triana Rodríguez, J. Y., & Cañon-Montañez, W. (2023). Spiritual care competence in nursing: Integrative literature review. Revista Cuidarte, 14(2), e2635. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2635

Tulus, J., Duha, S. P. I., Haryanti, L., & Tuhumury, M. (2024). Studi Hermeneutika Teks Mazmur 42 dan Implikasinya untuk Pemulihan Mandiri dari Depresi dengan Melakukan Komunikasi Intrapersonal. Danum Pambelum: Jurnal Teologi Dan Musik Gereja, 4(2), 44–56.

Waruwu, F. S. (2024). Peran Pelayanan Pastoral Pada Era Perkembangan Teknologi. Jurnal Shema, 7(02).

Waruwu, J. H., Christi, A., & Suryowati. (2024). Ketekunan dalam Berkomitmen Berdasarkan Ibrani 10: 19-36 dan Relasinya Terhadap Antusias Jemaat dalam Melayani di Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia Anugerah Gresik. Mathetes: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen, 5(1), 57–67.

Waruwu, Y., & Bambangan, M. (2025). Ketekunan Dalam Iman: Eksplorasi Teologis Pengharapan Kristen Ditengah Ujian Berdasarkan Yakobus 1: 2-3. Jurnal Silih Asuh: Teologi Dan Misi, 2(1), 22–33.

Wijaya, R., & Indrawan, Y. (2024). Konsep Doa Puja Yesus menurut Kallistos Ware: Doa Keheningan Batin (nepsis). Kaluteros Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 6(2), 109–121.

Wu, K., Wang, X., Sun, L., Feng, J., & Song, C. (2025). Nurse competency in providing spiritual care and associated influencing factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing Open, 12(4), e70192. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.70192

Yunianto, Y., & Rohayani, H. (2021). Alkitab Sebagai Buku Pegangan Orang Kristen (Ketidakbersalahan Alkitab). Fidei: Jurnal Teologi Sistematika Dan Praktika, 4(1), 141–158.